E conomists call effects on those not involved in a market externalities, and externalities vary along two dimensions.
经济学家把这种对市场外的人造成的影响称之为外部性,而外部性会在两个维度上变化。
First, externalities can be either negative or positive. Not surprisingly, negative externalities impose spillover costs on otherwise uninvolved parties, and positive externalities confer spillover benefits on otherwise uninvolved parties.
首先,外部性可以是负面的也可以是正面的。顾名思义,负面外部性会给未参与方带来外溢成本,而正面外部性会给未参与方带来外溢收益。
Second, externalities can be either on production or consumption. In the case of an externality on production, the spillover effects occur when a product is physically produced. In the case of an externality on consumption, the spillover effects occur when a product is consumed.
第二,外部性可能是生产端的,也可能是消费端的。生产端的外部性是在产品被生产时发生的。消费端的外部性是在产品被消费时发生的。
Combining these two dimensions gives four possibilities:
将这两个维度联合起来,我们就得到了4种可能性:
Negative Externalities on Production and Positive Externalities on Production
生产端的负面外部性和生产端的正面外部性
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