1.washing,brushing,varnishing 见第一段。
2.handling with gloves / freezing samples 见第二段。
3.losing authentic DNA / being contaminated / contamination 见第八段Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out,but contamination is getting washed in
4.they are porous porous 的意思是多孔的。见第八段。.. which can allow water and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA to permeate into the porous bones.
5.human evolution 见第十五段。其中shed light on sth的意思是使某事显得非常清楚,使人了解某事。
6.4 分别为第四段的an extinct cattle species,called an aurochs,即欧洲野牛,已经绝迹;第十一段Neanderthal, 是人类学用语,尼安德特人,旧石器时代的古人类;第十四段woolly mammoth和cave bear,其中mammoth是猛犸,一种古哺乳动物。
7.T 见第二段。
8.T 见第四段Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species,called an aurochs.即他们研究的骨化石是一头欧洲野牛身上的。
9.NG
10.F 见第十二段第一、二句话。
11.T 见第十二段末句But Pbo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigls recommendations just in case.意即为保险起见,Paabo还是非常希望见到用Geigl建议的方法保存的化石样本。just in case 的意思是以防万一,就是Paabo对用传统保存处理的化石不放心的意思。
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