2.表示虚拟语气。
1) neednt have + 过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于didnt need to do,译为其实没必要。如:
You neednt have come over yourself.
As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.
[A] neednt dress up [B]did not need have dressed up
[C] did not need dress up [D] neednt have dressed up
(没有必要穿的那么正式,体现是说话者的建议,实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定,答案为D)
2)should have +过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,译为本应该should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了,译为本不应该。如:
I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好,但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成。
3) ought to have +过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为该,与should 的完成式含义类似。如:
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke 。
4)could have +过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为完全可以。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如:
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