15 state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora , the spirit
of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament
is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary
codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the
20 other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the
Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of
an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter
that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various
components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and
25 numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab
peoples of the conquered territories. All this was unified
by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny,
the impact of which varied greatly, being almost
nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel
30 institutions. This central duality of legal subject matter
and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal,
ethical, and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law.
In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law differed
from both Jewish and canon law. Jewish law was
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