Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures -learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological drives as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
注:1.past 和 widely accepted:老观点和大众观点,一般应该是否定的
2.used also to be widely:另一个老观点
3.In other words 概括老观点
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
注:1.behave 行为,举止 2.outcome 结果
3.with no reward except 双重否定,所以是肯定结构
4.本段阐述新观点
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to reward the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement switched on a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
【四级考试阅读备考笔记(35)】相关文章:
★ 2013年6月英语六级考试备考深度阅读试题模拟与解析(12)
最新
2016-10-18
2016-10-11
2016-10-11
2016-10-08
2016-09-30
2016-09-30