In sociolinguistics and conversation analysis (CA), politeness strategies are speech acts that express concern for others and minimize threats to self-esteem ("face") in particular social contexts.
在社会语言学角度与会话分析角度下,礼貌策略指的是一种在特定社会背景下表达对他人的感受且将威胁自尊(面子)降低至最小程度的说话方式。
Positive politeness strategies are intended to avoid giving offense by highlighting friendliness. These strategies include juxtaposing criticism with compliments, establishing common ground, and using jokes, nicknames, honorifics, tag questions, special discourse markers (please), and in-group jargon and slang.
积极礼貌策略旨在强调友善以避免冒犯,其中包括:扬抑并举、建立共同点、笑话、昵称、敬语、附加疑问句、特殊话语标记(如:请)、圈内行话等。
Negative politeness strategies are intended to avoid giving offense by showing deference. These strategies include questioning, hedging, and presenting disagreements as opinions.
消极礼貌策略旨在表示尊敬以避免冒犯,其中包括:询问、说话留余地、用提议的方式表示反对。
Examples and Observations
举例与评析
“Shut up!” is rude, even ruder than “Keep quiet!” In the polite version, “Do you think you would mind keeping quiet: this is, after all, a library, and other people are trying to concentrate,” everything in italics is extra. It is there to soften the demand, giving an impersonal reason for the request, and avoiding the brutally direct by the taking of trouble.
【英美人的客套语言】相关文章:
★ 人与同行的狮子
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2020-09-15
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