以钢铁工业为例。在1962年至2005年间,该行业失去了40万人,占其总劳动力的75%。但是,根据杜克大学的艾伦•康拉德-韦克斯勒(Allan Collard-Wexler)和普林斯顿大学的扬•德•洛克(Jan De Loecker)去年在《美国经济评论》(American Economic Review)上发表的一项研究,该行业的出货量并没有下降。原因是一种名为微型钢铁厂(minimill)的新技术。即便考虑了管理实践、中西部的失业、国际贸易和工会化进程等因素,其影响依然强大。
Another analysis, from Ball State University, attributed roughly 13 percent of manufacturing job losses to trade and the rest to enhanced productivity because of automation. Apparel making was hit hardest by trade, it said, and computer and electronics manufacturing by technological advances.
来自鲍尔州立大学(Ball State University)的另一项分析认为,在制造业内,大约有13%的失业应归因于贸易,其余则是因为自动化提高了生产力。分析称,服装制造受到贸易的打击最大,计算机和电子制造业则受技术进步影响最大。
Over time, automation has generally gone well: As it has displaced jobs, it has created new ones. But some experts worry that this time could be different. Even as the economy has improved, jobs and wages for a large segment of workers — particularly men without college degrees doing manual labor — have not recovered.
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