But Baldwin’s analysis notes this was only one form of globalisation. His framework posits three “cascading constraints” that hold back the globalisation of markets, namely the costs of moving goods, ideas and people. Initially, all were bundled together: early societies stayed where they were, passed down information to the next generation and ate what they grew. The first wave of globalisation that created the Great Divergence expanded markets via the falling cost of transporting physical goods, thanks to the steamship and the railway.
但鲍德温的分析指出,这只是全球化的一种表现形式。他的分析框架提出了三种阻碍市场全球化的“逐层递进限制”,即货物运输成本、观念传播成本以及人员流动成本。最初这三种成本是混合在一起的:在早期社会形态中,人们几乎不怎么离开居住地,把信息传递给下一代,吃的也是自己种植生产的食物。导致了“大分裂”的第一波全球化浪潮通过降低实体货物运输成本拓展了市场空间,这主要归功于蒸汽船和铁路的出现。
But the globalisation that began around 1990 and led to the astonishing rise — in fact, re-emergence — of China and other emerging market giants reflected a relaxation of the constraint on ideas. Digitisation and communications allowed the monitoring and control of supply chains that had previously been bundled together in one economy to be split up into dozens or hundreds of stages, which were then allocated to producers around the globe according to efficiency and cost.
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