III.表示被动:与某个主体形成被动关系
过去分词表示被动。跟现在分词一样,也得找到相应的主体,即跟谁形成被动关系。根据其所做的成分不同,主体也有相应变化。
1.过去分词作定语:与被修饰的名词形成被动关系 Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.(动词organize与被修饰的名词trip形成被动关系,即trip is organized, 也可以说是动宾关系即organize a trip, 故用过去分词)。 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.(elect those, or those are elected) 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。 注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2.过去分词作表语:自然与主语形成被动关系。 The window is broken. 窗户破了。 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别: The window is broken.(系表) The window was broken by the boy.(被动) 3.过去分词作宾语补足语:与宾语形成被动关系 I heard the song sung several times last week. (song is sung, or sing the song) 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语: With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。 4.过去分词作状语:与句子主语形成被动关系 Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. (he is praised, or praise him) 受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因) Once seen, it can never be forgotten. (it is seen, or see it) 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间) Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.(I am given, or give me) 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件) Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.(he is told, or tell him) 虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步) Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。(he is filled, or fill him) 一条小支流:不及物动词过去分词表完成 因为过去分词核心的意义是表示被动关系。由上我们也可看出,被动意义的形成以动词是及物动词为前提。故一般来说过去分词都是及物动词,或者不及物动词加介词构成的相当于及物动词的短语。 但凡规则都有例外,有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的。 时,过去分词形式表示的不是被动,而是完成。如: boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶) newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳) the changed world(变了的世界) 这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 过去分词特殊结构:按特定的方式理解 1.连词+过去分词 -ed分词也有带有连词的情形。这时候逻辑关系自然就非常清楚了,不用多费心思。 If accepted for this post, you will be informed within a week. 如果你被接受担任这个职务,将在一礼拜内通知你。 Unless changed, this law will make life difficult for farmers. 除非作某些变动,否则这条法律将使农民的生活发生困难。 I went on talking, thought continually interrupted by Dussel. 我继续往下谈,尽管不断被杜塞尔打断。 He started, as if awakened from some dream. 他猛然一惊,仿佛从梦中惊醒。 Once informed, I’ll take actions. 一旦得到通知,我就会采取行动。 The couple took good care of the baby while occupied by their work. 这对夫妇一边工作,一边很好地照顾着婴儿。 2.过去分词独立结构 This done, we went home. 相当于:When this was done, we went home. All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 相当于:Since all our savings were gone, we started looking for jobs. She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 相当于:She gazed, and her hands were clasped to her breast. It rained and rained, vehicles bogged down and bridges washed out. 相当于:It rained and rained, and vehicles were bogged down and bridges were washed out. All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. (98-06 CET-4) a. considered b. be considered c. considering d. having considered 相当于:If all things are considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 3.-ed分词同样适用于“介宾补”结构。 With my homework finished, I went out for a walk. Ice, of relative density 0.9, floats in water, with nine-tenth submerged. 冰的比重为0.9,它浮在水面上时,9/10淹没在水里。
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