While many pundits have said bribery is a fact of life in a lot of markets in which Walmart operates, others say they would be astonished if anyone at a business that is so visible – and subject to puritanical US anti-graft laws – could expect to keep it under wraps.

尽管许多专家表示，在沃尔玛经营的许多市场，贿赂是现实中存在的现象。但还有一些人则指出，在一家如此受人关注、并且受到极为苛刻的美国反腐败法律约束的企业，有人居然以为能够瞒天过海，十分令人惊讶。

Nelson Lichtenstein, a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and author of a book on Walmart, says the company offers “a highly structured moral order” for its employees. But it also nurtures a cowboy bravado that says “get it done today, we don’t care how you do it”, an attitude he links to the Sundown Rule created by Mr Walton.

加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校(University of California, Santa Barbara)教授尼尔森•李奇登斯坦(Nelson Lichtenstein)写了一本关于沃尔玛的书，他说这家公司给员工提出了“很有条理的道德要求”，但它同时也培育着一种牛仔的勇敢精神，“今天就搞定，我们不管你怎么办到”。李奇登斯坦将这种态度的形成归结于沃尔顿确立的“日落原则”(Sundown Rule)。

Despite Mr Duke’s victories, critics say he has kept an outmoded business model ticking over when he should have responded more boldly to the growth of ecommerce and convenience-store shopping.

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