Professor Espinosa used data records from married people born between 1910 and 1930 to examine when partners died in relation to one another.
He found men who are grieving after their wife's death experience a 30 percent increase in mortality. For women, there is no increased chance of dying due to the loss of their husband.
The team also conducted research into maternal mortality, compiling results from more than 69,000 mothers aged between 20 and 50 over nine years.
He found that the impact on mother mortality is strongest in the two years immediately following the child's death, with grieving mothers three times more likely to die.
According to Prof Espinosa's results the chances of a mother dying increases as much as 133% after they lose a child.
Prof Espinosa, an expert in health and labor economics, said: "To my knowledge, this is the first study to empirically analyze this issue with a large, nationally represented US data set.
"The evidence of a heightened mortality rate for the mother, particularly in the first two years of the child's passing, is especially relevant to public health policy and the timing of interventions that aim to improve the adverse health outcomes mothers experience after the death of a child."
Prof Espinosa's study, Maternal bereavement: The heightened mortality of mothers after the death of a child, co-written by William Evans from the University of Notre Dame, was published in the Economics and Human Biology journal.
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