不过,1993年那项研究的作者却不为所动。该研究的共同作者、佛罗里达州立大学的心理学家安德斯·埃里克森说,新研究报告复制了他们的大部分研究结果。他说,麦克纳马拉所说的不错的演奏者和最好的演奏者之间没有客观差异,所以他们投入的练习时间一样多也就不奇怪了。
Another co-author on the 1993 study, Ralf Krampe, a psychologist at the Catholic University of Leuven, said nothing in Macnamara’s paper made him question the original findings. “Do I believe that practice is everything and that the number of hours alone determine the level reached? No, I don’t,” he said, adding that the quality of practice, teachers and parental support all matter too. “But I still consider deliberate practice to be by far the most important factor.”
1993年研究的另一位合著者、鲁汶天主教大学的心理学家拉尔夫·克兰佩说,麦克纳马拉的论文中没有任何能让他质疑原研究结果的内容。他说:“难道我认为练习就是一切,练习时长是决定成就的唯一因素吗?不,我不这么认为。”他补充道,练习质量、老师和父母的支持也很重要。“但我依然认为有意的练习是迄今为止最重要的因素。”
Macnamara said it was important for people to understand the limits of practice, though. “Practice makes you better than you were yesterday, most of the time,” she said. “But it might not make you better than your neighbour. Or the other kid in your violin class.”
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