研究公司Javelin Strategy and Research在2013年的调查中估计,身份盗用每年给美国人造成的损失大约为200亿美元。但这其中大部分都花在阻止或挽回身份盗用的损失上,而不是流进小偷的口袋里。再来看看毒品贸易和人口贩卖等其他有组织犯罪的纯收益:据美洲国家组织(Organization of American States)估算,美国每年仅可卡因销售额就高达340亿美元。再把其他毒品贸易、人口贩卖、敲诈等收入加起来看,你就能很明显地发现,尽管犯罪团伙总是在寻找新的生财之道,但他们的大多数收入还是来自那些传统行当。
So, who are the biggest organized crime gangs around the world and how do they make their money? Organized crime revenues are very difficult to estimate, as criminals often spend a significant amount of time trying to hide what they make. Also, “organized crime” is a loosely defined concept. Anything from a vast drug smuggling ring to a handful of car thieves can be classified as organized crime groups, and the cohesiveness of organized crime organizations around the world varies widely. Some groups, like Japan’s Yakuza, are highly organized and hierarchical, allowing economists and crime fighters in Japan to attribute much higher revenue totals to Yakuza groups than others around the world. Here are the top five criminal gangs, ranked by revenue estimates:
那么,全球最大的有组织犯罪集团究竟是哪些?他们是怎么挣钱的?我们很难估计团伙犯罪的收入,因为罪犯通常会花大量时间来隐藏他们的所得。而且,“有组织犯罪”也是个定义不太明确的概念。从大型的毒品走私集团到小规模的偷车贼,都可以被归为有组织犯罪,而且全球范围内,不同犯罪集团的内部凝聚力也大相径庭。日本极道(Yazuka)等一些团伙组织有序、层级森严,因此日本的经济学家和打黑斗士们算出的极道组织总收入要远远高于世界其他犯罪组织。以下是根据预估收入排名列出的全球五大有组织犯罪集团:
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