按 照《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)的定 义,列明的11项症状中存在至少两到三种,就构成了物质使用障碍。在动物模型中,糖分至少产生了三种与物质滥用和依赖相吻合的症状:渴求感、耐受性、戒断 症状。糖分其他与毒品相似的特性还包括(但不限于)交叉敏化、交叉耐受性、交叉依赖性、奖赏效应、阿片效应,以及大脑中的其他神经化学变化。在动物实验 中,动物对糖的感受就像一种毒品,而且可能会对糖产生依赖。一项研究显示,如果提供了选择,大鼠在实验室的环境中会选择糖而不是可卡因,因为前者的奖赏效 应更强,即糖带来的「兴奋感」有着更高的愉悦度。
In humans, the situation may not be very different. Sugar stimulates brain pathways just as an opioid would, and sugar has been found to be habit-forming in people. Cravings induced by sugar are comparable to those induced by addictive drugs like cocaine and nicotine. And although other food components may also be pleasurable, sugar may be uniquely addictive in the food world. For instance, functional M.R.I. tests involving milkshakes demonstrate that it’s the sugar, not the fat, that people crave. Sugar is added to foods by an industry whose goal is to engineer products to be as irresistible and addictive as possible. How can we kick this habit? One route is to make foods and drinks with added sugar more expensive, through higher taxes. Another would be to remove sugar-sweetened beverages from places like schools and hospitals or to regulate sugar-added products just as we do alcohol and tobacco, for instance, by putting restrictions on advertising and by slapping on warning labels.
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2020-09-15
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