加州大学圣巴巴拉分校(University of California, Santa Barbara)的经济学者希瑟·罗耶(Heather Royer)认为自己发现了一种方法。她和研究伙伴与一家财富500强(Fortune 500)公司合作,进行了一项实验,将两种干预结合起来:一种是让人们开始去健身,另一种是让他们坚持下去。在四周的时间里,这家公司出钱让员工去锻炼,每次奖励10美元,一周最多三次。四周过后,公司不再发钱,但部分员工签署了一份“承诺合约”:他们自己留出一部分钱,接下来两个月如果坚持锻炼,就会还给他们;如果没能坚持锻炼,这些钱将被捐给慈善机构。
Even though those commitment contracts ended three months after the start of the study, the effects on workout frequency persisted for years: Three years after the study, the workers who had been offered the contracts remained 20 percent more likely to work out than those who had not been offered any incentives. By inducing a habit with cash payments, and then reinforcing that habit with self-funded payments, the researchers were able to permanently change workout habits for at least some people.
尽管这类承诺合约在研究开始三个月后就到期了,但它们对锻炼频率的影响却持续了多年:研究项目过去三年后,当初签署合约的员工健身的几率,依然比那些什么激励都没得到的人高20%。通过用现金奖励的方式培养一种习惯,然后再用自己出钱的方式来巩固习惯,研究人员永久性地改变了至少部分人的锻炼习惯。
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