In nature, there are checks and balances that prevent overconsumption of vitamins and antioxidants, she said. It is hard to ingest too much niacin, for example, by eating whole foods like mushrooms, fish or avocados, which are natural sources of niacin that come bundled with fiber, protein and fat. But someone can easily exceed the daily recommendation for niacin with a single bottle of “formula 50” Vitaminwater, which contains 120 percent of the daily value for it (along with 120 percent of the values for vitamins C, B6, B12 and pantothenic acid).

她说，大自然会相互制衡，防止人体过量摄入维生素和抗氧化剂。比如，食用蘑菇、鱼或鳄梨等天然食物，难以让人摄取过量烟酸，因为烟酸的这些天然来源中含有大量纤维、蛋白质和脂肪。但是，一瓶“50配方”维他命水就足以让你过量摄入，因为它的烟酸含量是每日推荐摄入量的120%（同时，它添加的维生素C、B6、B12和泛酸含量也是推荐摄入量的120%）。

“You couldn’t possibly get that much from any natural foods,” Dr. Tarasuk said. “That’s concerning to me as a nutrition scientist because we don’t know what the effects of chronic exposure may be. With these products, we’ve embarked on a national experiment.”

“你从任何天然食物中都不可能摄入那么多营养素，”塔拉苏克说，“作为一名营养科学家，这让我感到忧虑，因为我们不知道长期过量摄入营养素会带来哪些危害。这些产品让我们开始了一场全国性的实验。”

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