10. Roger: Reading a lot as a child causes
nearsightedness-difficulty seeing things at a distance.
Louise: I disagree. Any correlation between near-sightedness and reading results from the fact that children who have trouble seeing things at a distance are likeliest to prefer those activities, such as reading, that involve looking at things close up.
Louise disputes Roger s claim by
demonstrating that an absurd conclusion would follow if Roger s claim were accepted
arguing that what Roger claims to be a cause of a given phenomenon is actually its effect
using an analogy to expose a flaw in Roger s reasoning
pointing out that Roger s claim is self-contradictory
attempting to demonstrate that Roger uses the term nearsightedness in an ambiguous way
11. Years ago, consumers in Frieland began paying an energy tax in the form of two Frieland pennies for each unit of energy consumed that came from nonrenewable sources. Following the introduction of this energy tax, there was a steady reduction in the total yearly consumption of energy from nonrenewable sources.
If the statements in the passage are true, then which of the following must on the basis of them be true?
There was a steady decline in the yearly revenues generated by the energy tax in Frieland.
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