The works of Beethovens middle period, his most productive, include the Piano Concertos No. 4 and No. 5 ; the Razumovsky Quartets ; his Ninth Sonata for violin, the Kreutzer Sonata , and his one Violin Concerto ; the Fourth through Eighth Symphonies ; a number of piano sonatas, among them the Waldstein and the Appassionata . His sole opera, Fidelio, was produced in its first version in 1805 and in its final form in 1814. Beethoven wrote four overtures for the opera, three of them known as the Leonore Overture. He also composed overtures to Collins Coriolan and to Goethes Egmont . From about 1813 to 1820 there was some slackening in Beethovens productivity, probably due in part to difficulties concerning his nephew.
Beethovens final period dates from about 1816 and is characterized by works of greater depth and complexity. They include the demanding, nearly symphonic Hammerklavier sonata and the other late piano sonatas; the monumental Ninth Symphony with its choral finale based on Schillers Ode to Joy; and the Missa Solemnis . The last five string quartets and the Grosse Fuge , composed in his last years, are considered by many music lovers to be Beethovens supreme creations, and by some the most sublime music ever composed.
An extraordinarily prolific composer, Beethoven produced, in addition to the works mentioned, sonatas for violin and piano and for cello and piano; string and piano trios; music for wind instruments; miscellaneous piano works, including the popular bagatelle Elise ; over 200 songs; a number of shorter orchestral works; and several choral pieces.
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