It is necessary that payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the work done with the hands, monetary(金钱的)encouragement schemes are often chosen, for indirect workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.
Passage Two
I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on ones own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.
Nowadays a superficial traveller in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.
Our local grocers shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing up at a supermarket. And the shopkeeper knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.
His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old age pensioner(领养老金者)who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing. The more wealthy customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to hint at a fancy for some commodity(商品)outside the usual stock and the grocer, a red-faced figure, instantly obtains it for them.
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