The report says when babies and toddlers do not form these strong parental bonds - known as secure attachment - they are more likely to exhibit poor language and poor behaviour before they reach school.
And it cites international studies which suggest this continues late into life, with insecure children more likely to leave school early or duck out of employment or training.
They are also more likely to suffer from aggression, defiance and hyperactivity later in life.
The Sutton Trust says its analysis of the research suggests that about 40% of children in the UK lack a secure attachment with their parents.
Lead author Sophie Moullin said that when her team looked at large scale representative studies in a number of countries they all found, from their observations, that between 38% and 42% of children suffered from poor attachment in all the different study locations.
She added: "Secure attachment really helps children with emotional and social development and at school it really helps them to manage their behaviour. These are the things that teachers will tell you that are stopping children from learning.
"It's really only as we understand more about these behaviour problems that we have decided that a lot of it goes back to this early bonding with parents."
Research director at the trust Conor Ryan said: "Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to more social mobility, as there is such a clear link to education, behaviour and future employment.
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