这一构想存在哪些潜在问题呢?我们来想几个。第一,有些父母不能或不愿谨慎使用教育代金券,于是他们的孩子会进一步落后于那些运气更好的孩子。这的确是一个风险,但竞争是一股强大的力量,即便不是每个人都参与到游戏中。由于存在许多对价格敏感的顾客,超市在贴价签时就不敢耍诈,少数懒得看价签的顾客也能从中受益。类似的,为了吸引到学生,学校就不得不提高自身水准,即便不是每个人都对这种改善作出回应。
The second concern is that schools will sometimes go bankrupt, and this will cause disruption. I have two words in response: Hurricane Katrina. After Katrina devastated New Orleans, many children ended up at better schools elsewhere. A study by the economist Bruce Sacerdote revealed that despite months with no schooling at all, and appalling stress and dislocation, the children who had to move schools quickly overtook the educational achievements of the slightly older children, who had finished school before the hurricane hit. When bad schools disappear, that is probably a good thing - even for those pupils who must move.
第二个问题是,学校有些情况下会破产,这将造成冲击。对此我以下面几个词作答:飓风卡特里娜(Hurricane Katrina)。在卡特里娜肆虐新奥尔良之后,很多孩子最终被转到别处条件更好的学校去了。经济学家布鲁斯·萨塞尔多特(Bruce Sacerdote)的一项研究表明,尽管有几个月没学上,而且面临可怕的压力和流离失所,但那些不得不转学的孩子的学习成绩,很快就超过了那些年龄稍大、在飓风到来前就已结业的孩子。糟糕的学校如果不复存在,很可能是一件好事,即使对那些不得不转学的孩子来说也是如此。
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