The frog experiment was an effort to answer 'a pure scientific question about how we came to be formed. There was no foreseeable therapeutic benefit,' said Dr. Gurdon in an interview. Now 79, Dr. Gurdon is a professor at the Gurdon Institute, part of Cambridge University.

格登接受采访时说，那个青蛙试验其实是在努力回答有关我们是如何形成的纯科学问题，当时并没有可预见的治疗益处。如今，79岁的格登是英国剑桥大学(Cambridge University)格登学院(Gurdon Institute)的一名教授。

Dr. Yamanaka, 50, was born in the year Dr. Gurdon did his frog experiment. Dr. Yamanaka would eventually ponder a related question: Could the Gurdon reprogramming trick be done without using eggs-which, in human cases, can be hard to come by?

山中伸弥今年50岁，他出生的那年格登正在做青蛙试验，而他也终将思考一个相关问题：格登的重新编程技术能否在不用卵子的情况下完成？具体到人类试验上，这一点很难做到。

Dr. Yamanaka had the answer a few years later. He demonstrated that by adding just four genes to a mature cell, he could turn it into an embryonic-like state. He first achieved this with mouse cells, and in 2007 he reported the same result for human cells. He transformed those cells, in turn, into heart, nerve and other human tissue in a lab.

山中伸弥在几年后得到了答案。他向世人证明，只需将四个基因引入一个成熟细胞，就可将该细胞转变为类胚胎状态。他首先用老鼠细胞成功做到这一点，然后在2007年又宣布用人类细胞成功完成了这一转变。他将那些细胞在试验室里依次培养为了心脏、神经和其它人类组织细胞。

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