"The idea has become really entrenched in our culture, but it’s an oversimplification,” said Brooke Macnamara, a psychologist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. “When it comes to human skill, a complex combination of environmental factors, genetic factors and their interactions explains the performance differences across people.”
美国俄亥俄州克利夫兰凯斯西储大学的心理学家布鲁克·麦克纳马拉说:“熟能生巧的观点已经深深植根于我们的文化,但是这种观点过于简单化了。在人类技巧方面,要综合考虑环境、基因及其相互作用来解释人与人之间的表现差异。”
entrenched[ɪn'tren(t)ʃt]: adj. 根深蒂固的;确立的,不容易改的
The seed for the 10,000-hour rule was a 1993 study of violinists and pianists which found that accumulated practice time rose with musical prowess. On average, top-ranked violinists had clocked up 10,000 hours of practice by the age of 20, though many had actually put in fewer hours. In the study, the authors rejected an important role for natural talent and argued that differences in ability, even among top musicians, were largely down to how much they practised. Gladwell seized on the round number to explain the success of notables from Bill Gates to the Beatles.
“一万小时定律”的依据来自1993年对小提琴和钢琴演奏者的一项研究,这项研究发现,累积的练习时间越长,音乐技能越高超。平均来看,一流的小提琴家在20岁前的练习时间达到了1万个小时,但也有许多小提琴家的实际练习时间不足1万个小时。该研究的作者否定了天分的重要作用,指出即使是在顶级音乐家当中,能力差异在很大程度上取决于他们的练习量。格拉德威尔用这项研究提到的一万小时解释了比尔·盖茨、甲壳虫乐队等名人的成功。
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