斯坦福大学教育研究生院院长斯蒂尔(Claude Steele)对自我肯定进行过早期心理学研究,他说提醒人们牢记自己的优秀品质能够让他们心里更有安全感。如果我确信自己是一个优秀的人,总体而言我可以更加勇敢地面对威胁,进而就更无须靠迷信来帮忙。他补充道,并不是说人们这样就坚信球队获胜或者考试通过。而是说自我肯定能够增强他们的心理抵抗力,帮助他们意识到即便有什么不好的事情发生,自己也能应付得了。
Still, for people under pressure to compete or perform, superstitious behavior can create a placebo effect that can improve the outcome. Since the age of 15, Maria Fabregat Farran, a 20-year-old student at the Autonomous University of Barcelona, has always worn a red bracelet while taking exams. 'My mom gave it to me and said it was lucky, and wearing it makes me more relaxed,' she says. 'I think it helps me on tests.'
尽管如此,如果人们肩负着竞争或尽力表现的压力,迷信行为可以催生出一种安慰剂效应(placebo effect),让他们的表现更加出色。巴塞罗那自治大学(Autonomous University of Barcelona)的20岁学生法兰(Maria Fabregat Farran)从15岁开始,每次考试都会带上一个红色的手镯。她说:我妈妈给我这个手镯,告诉我它有福气,戴着它我更放松。我觉得它能帮助我应对考试。
In a 2010 experiment published in Psychological Science, golfers sank 35% more putts when playing with a ball they were told was 'lucky.' Sports teams from Little League to the pros are rife with players who practice a ritual or carry a charm they believe will boost their performance. Michael Jordan, for one, was famous for wearing his lucky college basketball shorts under his NBA ones.
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