True personal wisdom involves five elements, said Professor Staudinger, now a life span psychologist and professor at Columbia University. They are self-insight; the ability to demonstrate personal growth; self-awareness in terms of your historical era and your family history; understanding that priorities and values, including your own, are not absolute; and an awareness of life's ambiguities.
现任美国哥伦比亚大学(Columbia University)生涯发展心理学家的斯托丁格教授表示,真正的个人智慧包括五个要素,分别为:自我洞察力;证明个人成长的能力;对所处的历史时代和家族史的自我意识;认识到凡事(包括你自己)的先后缓急和价值都不是绝对的;认识到生活中充满了不确定性。
Wisdom in this sense is extremely rare, Professor Staudinger said, and research has shown that it actually declines in the final decades. As a coping strategy, it is better to be positive about life when you are older, she said, and the older people skew that way. They are more likely to look back on their lives and say that the events that occurred were for the best; a wise person would fully acknowledge mistakes and losses, and still try to improve.
斯托丁格教授说,满足上述意义的智慧实际上极为罕见,而且研究表明,在人生的最后几十年它还会呈下降趋势。她说,应对策略之一是在晚年也要尽量保持积极的生活态度,这样才可能逆转这一趋势。智慧的老年人更有可能回过头去审视他们的生活,并认可迄今所发生的所有事情都是为了追求最好的结果;他们勇于承认自己的错误和损失,并始终尽自己所能去改善现状。
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