如果说银行分拆的吸引力显而易见的话,那么监管者要求银行提高资本金所面对的敌意同样显而易见。传统而言,银行青睐于发行债券而非股票,因为政府一直有意对杠杆提供补贴。对企业利润的双重征税使债务具有节税性;存款担保对来自零售客户的借款提供补贴;央行流动性人为压低了短期批发借款成本。而这些长期以来的杠杆激励现在又得到两项新激励的强化。
The first comes from the realisation of banks’ too-big-to-fail status. Since 2010, it has been clear that banks’ unsecured bondholders stand a good chance of being bailed out in a crisis. This has created a subsidy for bond issuance, distinct from the old subsidies for collecting deposits and issuing short-term paper. Whereas in the past it was only quasi-government lenders such as Fannie Mae that issued bonds cheaply, thanks to an implicit government backstop, now all the big banks enjoy this privilege.
第一种激励来自于对银行“大到不能倒地位的认识。自2010年以来,人们很清楚,银行无担保债券的持有者很有可能在危机中获得纾困。这实际上为债券发行提供了补贴,与过去吸收存款和发行短期票据的补贴不同。过去,由于隐性的政府支持,只有房利美(Fannie Mae)等准政府贷款机构才能以低成本发行债券,如今,所有大银行都可以享受这一特权。
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