比预期更高的通货膨胀会让实际债务变低,但也会让资本的实际回报率变低。
Therefore, unexpected inflation serves to hurt investors and benefit those who have a lot of debt.
因此,意料之外的通货膨胀会伤害投资者,但对那些负债者却是有利的。
This is likely not an incentive that policymakers want to create in an economy, so it can be viewed as another cost of inflation.
这通常不是一个经济体的政策制定者想看到的现象,所以我们也可以把这视为通货膨胀的另一种成本。
Tax Distortions
税收扭曲
In the United States, there are many taxes that do not automatically adjust for inflation.
在美国,有很多税并不是自动跟随通货膨胀变动的。
For example, capital gains taxes are calculated based on the absolute increase in the value of an asset, not on the inflation-adjusted value increase.
比如,资本利得税是按资本的绝对增值来算的,而不是按照根据通货膨胀调整后的价值来算的。
Therefore, the effective tax rate on capital gains when inflation is present may be much higher than the stated nominal rate.
因此,当通货膨胀发生的时候,实际的资本利得税率可能比名义上的要高。
Similarly, inflation increases the effective tax rate paid on interest income.
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