像大多数主要央行一样,美联储为了实现价格稳定目标,把通胀率目标定为2%。目前最大的风险就是通胀率将低于这一水平,收紧货币政策将会加剧此风险。过去6个月里,消费价格指数(CPI)中的逾半数成分都有所下跌,这是10多年来首次出现这种情况。剔除能源、食品和难以衡量的住房的CPI目前低于1%。基于市场的预期指标显示,未来10年,通胀率将远低于2%。如果中国等新兴市场的货币进一步贬值,美国的通胀将更加低迷。
Tightening policy will adversely affect employment levels because higher interest rates makeholding on to cash more attractive than investing it. Higher interest rates will also increase thevalue of the dollar, making US producers less competitive and pressuring the economies of ourtrading partners.
收紧货币政策将对就业水平构成负面影响,因为利率升高会让保留现金比投资现金更有吸引力。利率升高也将推高美元汇率,降低美国生产企业的竞争力,也给我国贸易伙伴的经济体带来压力。
This is especially troubling at a time of rising inequality. Studies of periods of tight labourmarkets like the late 1990s and 1960s make it clear that the best social programme fordisadvantaged workers is an economy where employers are struggling to fill vacancies.
这在不平等程度上升之际尤其麻烦。对1990年代末和1960年代等劳动力紧张时期的研究表明,对弱势工人而言,最好的社会方案是打造雇主竞相填补岗位空缺的经济。
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