Old Tibet implemented laws, as represented by the "16-Article Code" and "13-Article Code," that oppressed serfs. These laws divided people into three classes and nine ranks, whereby nobles, Living Buddhas and senior officials were born into and thus constituted the upper class, while the broad masses of serfs constituted the lower class. Value accorded to life correspondingly differed. The value of the life of a person of the upper class was measured in gold according to his weight. The value of the lives of butchers, blacksmiths, and others of the lowest rank of the lower class was equivalent to hempen rope. When people of different classes and ranks violated the same criminal law, the criteria in old Tibet for imposing penalties and the means of punishment were quite different. The laws stipulated that the punishment for a servant who injured his master was to have his hands or feet chopped off, but a master who injured a servant was not required to pay compensation. Serf owners and serfs had overtly unequal standing according to law. Serf owners held absolute power over the lives of serfs and slaves, and ensured their rule over the latter through savage punishments, including gouging out eyes, cutting out flesh or tongues, cutting off hands or feet, pulling out tendons, and being put in manacles.
旧西藏的噶厦政府规定,农奴只能固定在所属领主的庄园土地上,不得擅自离开,绝对禁止逃亡。“人不无主、地不无差,三大领主强制占有农奴人身,农奴世世代代依附领主,作为土地的附属物束缚在土地上。凡是人力和畜力能种地的,一律得种差地,并支乌拉差役。农奴一旦丧失劳动能力,就收回牲畜、农具、差地,降为奴隶。三大领主还把农奴当作私有财产随意支配,用于赌博、抵债、赠送、转让和买卖。农奴的婚姻必须取得领主的同意,不同领主的农奴婚嫁要缴纳“赎身费。农奴生小孩要到领主那里缴纳出生税,登记入册,注定终身为奴。农奴如果被迫流落外地谋生,要向原属领主交“人役税,持交税证明,才不至于被当作逃亡户处理。
【《民族区域自治制度在西藏的成功实践》白皮书】相关文章:
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