In old Tibet, the three major estate-holders and their agents accounted for only five percent of Tibet's population, but they owned almost all of Tibet's farmland, pastures, forests, mountains, rivers, and beaches, as well as most of the livestock. About 95 percent of old Tibet's population was made up of serfs, including "tralpa" as they are known in the Tibetan language (people who tilled plots of land assigned to them and who were obligated to provide corvee labor for serf owners), "duiqoin" (small households with chimneys emitting smoke), and "nangzan" (hereditary household slaves who were deprived of any means of production and personal freedom). They had no means of production and suffered cruel economic exploitation.
农奴遭受的第一重剥削是地租。在庄园里,农奴主把土地分成两部分:大部分为农奴主的自营地,一小部分是以奴役性的条件分给农奴耕种的“份地。农奴为了领得“份地,必须自带工具和口粮,在农奴主的自营地上无偿服劳役。这些无偿的劳动,就是缴纳给农奴主的劳役地租。而农奴在“份地里收获的大部分粮食最终又都被领主收走了。“差巴一年所得不过二三百斤,连糊口都不够,主要靠吃野菜和野草,再掺上一点粮食过日子。除了通过劳役缴纳沉重的地租外,农奴还必须缴纳名目繁多的税费。
The first exploitation serfs suffered was land rent. Serf owners on feudal manors divided the land into two parts: The largest part was kept as manor demesne while smaller lots were rented to serfs under stringent conditions. To use the lots, serfs had to work on the demesne with their own farm implements and provide their own food. Such unpaid labor constituted the rent they paid to serf owners. Most of the grain that serfs harvested from the lots was finally taken away by estate-holders. A "tralpa" could only keep 100-150 kilograms of grain annually, which was not enough to live on; his diet mainly consisted of wild herbs and weeds mixed with a little grain. In addition to the heavy land rent paid in the form of labor, serfs had to pay numerous taxes and fees.
【《民族区域自治制度在西藏的成功实践》白皮书】相关文章:
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