18.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
It leads the discussion: it invites you to think that, or with
有并列从句和省略。冒号把句子分成两部分,后一部分对前面部分作进一步解释说明。前面部分是简单句。后面部分是复合句。that引导的宾语从句中,主语是animals,谓语是should be treated,either or引导两个介词短语作状语,either引导的介词短语中,humans extend to other humans是一个省略引导词that的定语从句。
这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
it 的所指要明确。leads the discussion to extremes译成将讨论引向两个极端,at the outset译成从一开始。注意把被动句译为主动句,更合乎汉语习惯。
19.Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
Arguing from the view that humans are, extremists of this
有套和从句。逗号前面是一个现在分词短语,作状语,里面又有一个that从句作the view的同位语,逗号后面的that从句是一个宾语从句。
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