11.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
We live in a society in whichsubstances is pervasive
实际是简单句。此句句子虽长,但是结构并不复杂,可以从冒号开始分为两个部分。理解的时候要有意识地把两部分分开,个个击破。in which引导了一个定语从句。该从句的分句谓语动词是is而不是are,是因为在这个从句中主语是use,而不是substances,这一点要注意分辨。
在我们生活的社会里,物质(药品)被广泛地运用于社交和医疗:服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼,喝酒来应酬,早晨和咖啡来提神,吸烟镇定情绪等。
该句冒号以后的内容写得很轻巧,很有文学性,我们翻译的时候也不要强求字字照应,而应该也是比较灵活。如quiet不是安静的意思,而是镇静的意思。
12.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Dependence is marked first by, with, and then by
有并列从句和省略。with引导的是伴随结构作状语,修饰的是整个第一分句描述的状态。and引导的分句省略了谓语动词marked ,所以要注意其实该分句并不隶属于第一分句,而是与之并列的结构。
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