To begin, we need to recognize that manufacturing isn't an industry sector, it's a capability with plenty of opportunity for innovation. We take industry sector definitions for granted. As if industries were clubs with exclusive admission criteria and secret handshakes only revealed to companies that agree to play by understood rules. The industrial era was defined by clearly delineated industries, making it easy to identify which sector every company was competing in. It was all so gentlemanly really, as if competition was governed, like boxing, by a code of generally accepted Marquess of Queensberry rules. Companies were all assigned a numerical Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code (now North American Industry Classification System, or NAICS) identifying which industry sector they fit in to.
首先,我们需要认识到,制造并不单纯的是一个产业部门,而是一种能力,其中蕴含着许多创新机会。只是目前我们理所当然地把它看成一个产业部门。工业时代的“产业”就像一个个俱乐部,每个产业都有各自的准入标准和暗箱操作,只向那些同意按规则出牌的公司敞开。工业时代是由一个个界定清晰的产业构成的,我们很容易就能把每家公司归类到一个个产业部门里。看似颇有君子之风,就好像大家都在监督之下公平竞争,就像拳击赛一样,人人都要按规则出招。每个企业都会有一个标准产业代码(SIC)(现为北美产业分类系统,简称NAICS),用来确定各自属于哪个产业部门。
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