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新工业革命带来的机遇

今年6月，我参加了德意志银行(Deutsche Bank)举办的制造业论坛，倾听各种有关制造业的真知灼见。有一种公认的看法是：制造业复兴解决不了西方的失业问题。现代工厂使用机器人，而且聘用的员工越来越少，日夜不休、一年365天的运转。甚至连亚洲电子产品巨擘伟创力(Flextronics)都计划在未来几年购置逾100万台机器人。实际上，发达经济体中消失的很多制造业工作岗位都是由于生产率提高所致，而不是流失到了海外。新工厂创造的就业将是那些高技能工作岗位。制造业企业青睐受过STEM——即科学、技术、工程和数学——专业训练的人，一个非常重大的消息就是这些“硬学科最近更加受欢迎。

It became apparent listening to various executives that whether it is Apple iPhones or Rolls-Royce Trent aero engines, the real profit is not made in the basic assembly of goods. The margins are in servicing, brands, design and after-sales.

从各位高管的意见中明显可以得出这样的结论：不管是苹果(Apple)的iPhone还是罗尔斯·罗伊斯(Rolls-Royce)的Trent飞机引擎，真正创造利润的不是组装产品的基础环节，而是服务、品牌、设计和售后。

Manufacturing contributes to an economy in many ways. As Andrew Liveris, chief executive of Dow Chemical, argues in his book Make It In America, it creates more added value pro rata than other activities, and is much more likely to generate exports to help offset trade deficits. Moreover, research and development tends to take place alongside manufacturing centres, which foster clusters of sub-contractors. It is no coincidence that Germany, Europe’s manufacturing powerhouse, has weathered the credit crisis so well compared to other EU nations.