So what can be done? One approach is to try to reach policy goals with the help of marketsignals. The classic example of this is a carbon tax, levied on fossil fuels to reflect theircarbon-dioxide emissions. The advantage of this approach is that it encourages everybody atany stage of production or consumption to take actions that reduce emissions, because thoseactions will save them money. A truck manufacturer might develop a cleaner engine, a logisticscompany might find a more efficient delivery algorithm, and the final consumer might decideto consume a little less.

那么，我们能做什么呢?一种方法是，设法在市场信号的帮助下达成政策目标。这方面的经典例子是碳税——以化石燃料为对象、按照其二氧化碳排放量征收。这种方法的优点在于，它鼓励处于生产或消费任何阶段的每个人都采取行动减少碳排放，因为这样做可以省钱。卡车制造商或许会开发出更清洁的发动机，物流公司可能会找到更高效的投递算法，而终端消费者可能会决定少消费一些。

The idea of using the price system to solve environmental problems is widely accepted byeconomists but, alas, it finds itself stranded in the policy doldrums. Ponder this: the Poperecently argued that climate change was a grave problem but he opposed market-basedresponses. Meanwhile the US Republican party likes market-based responses but isn’t soconvinced about climate change.

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