Ms Rhode sees the hurdles, but argues that they can be dealt with. In places where “lookism” is already prohibited (eg, Washington, DC), such statutes have not provoked a flood of frivolous cases, she says. Occasionally beauty is essential to a business (ie, modelling, but not air-hostessing). But concerns about an employee’s effectiveness often reflect the biases of employers, not customers. Laws influence attitudes over time, she says, by denying those with prejudices the opportunity to indulge them.
罗得女士看出了其中的障碍,但认为这些障碍可以被跨越。她说,在“相貌歧视”已经被禁止的地方(如华盛顿),这种法规也没有惹起如潮般荒唐可笑的案件。有时,美貌对某些职业而言至关重要(如模特,但空姐就并非如此)。但是对员工工作效率的考虑经常只能反映雇主而非客户的偏好。这项法律断绝了对相貌丑陋心存偏见的人纵容这些偏见的机会,随着时间的推移,法律会影响人们的态度,她说道。
“Honey Money”, Catherine Hakim’s provocative book, is a different kettle of fish. Where Mr Hamermesh and Ms Rhode see discrimination, she sees an opportunity for women to enhance their power “in the bedroom and the boardroom”. She argues that “erotic capital” is an underrated class of personal asset, to set beside economic capital (what you have), human capital (what you know) and social capital (who you know). Ms Hakim attempts to quantify a complex mix of physical and social assets, consisting of beauty, sex appeal, self-presentation, social skills, liveliness and sexual competence. Like other sorts of capital, the erotic kind is important for success; but unlike others it is largely independent of birth and class. It is especially valuable for poor people, young people, the newly arrived and the otherwise unqualified. In heterosexual settings it belongs primarily to women.
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