a. Generally speaking, parents care more about their childrens health than about their own.

　　b. Judging from her accent, she must be from Shanghai.

　　c. He speaks Chinese quite well, considering that he has been in China for only a year.

　　d. Considering everything, the plan is worth trying.

　　e. Judging by the number of copies sold, the book is a great success.

　　2.独立的过去分词短语有: given(被给予), compared(比较), provided(假如)等

　　a. You may keep the book one more week provided that no one else requires it.

　　b. Given a few more months, the whole situation will become much better.

　　c. Compared with last year, the average price was reduced 9 percent.

　　3.独立的不定式短语有: to tell the truth, to be certain / sure, to start / begin with首先, to be honest说实话, to be frank with you坦白对你说, 这些短语都表示说话人的态度或观点

　　在某些惯用语中也用doing, 而不用to do, 如: cant help doing情不自禁, cant stand doing sth不能忍受, give up doing, feel like doing, be worth doing, be busy doing等

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