In fact, combined e-cigarette and cigarette use among adolescents in 2017 was higher than total cigarette use in 2009, according to the study.
"E-cigarettes are encouraging -- not discouraging -- youth to smoke and to consume nicotine, and are expanding the tobacco market," said senior author Stanton Glantz, UCSF professor of medicine and director of the UCSF Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education.
E-cigarettes are battery-powered devices that look like cigarettes and deliver an aerosol of nicotine and other chemicals.
In August 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration restricted e-cigarette purchases to adults ages 18 and older.
The FDA will also require a warning label on e-cigarettes, starting August 2018, regarding the addictive nature of nicotine.
However, the FDA's ruling does not regulate advertising or flavors, and e-cigarettes continue to be sold in flavors that appeal to youth, the UCSF researchers said.
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