新疆的宗教发展演变,大致经历了四个阶段,即原始宗教阶段、佛教为主要宗教的多种宗教并存的形成阶段、伊斯兰教与佛教并立为主要宗教的多种宗教并存的演变阶段、伊斯兰教为主要宗教的多种宗教并存的发展阶段。
The evolution of religions in Xinjiang went through four stages: the stage of primitive religion, the formation stage for the coexistence of a variety of religions with Buddhism as the major one, the evolution stage for the coexistence of many religions with Islam and Buddhism as the two major ones, and the development stage for the coexistence of a variety of religions with Islam as the major one.
公元前4世纪以前,新疆流行的是原始宗教。至今新疆许多民族都还程度不同地保留着原始宗教的观念及遗俗。此后,祆教经中亚传入新疆。约公元前1世纪佛教传入新疆后,逐渐形成了以佛教为主要宗教的多种宗教并存格局。4世纪至10世纪,祆教流行于新疆各地,吐鲁番地区尤为盛行,当时的高昌地方政权为此专门设置了管理机构。这一时期,佛教进入鼎盛阶段,塔里木盆地周缘各绿洲佛寺林立,僧尼众多,形成了于阗、疏勒、龟兹、高昌等著名佛教中心。道教于5世纪前后传入新疆,主要盛行于吐鲁番、哈密等地,至清代传播至新疆大部分地区。摩尼教和景教(基督教聂斯脱利派)于6世纪相继传入新疆。9世纪中叶,信奉摩尼教的回鹘人进入吐鲁番地区,建造寺院,开凿洞窟, Before the fourth century BC primitive religion was practiced in Xinjiang. Many ethnic groups of Xinjiang still retain some concepts and practices of primitive religion to different degrees. Later, Zoroastrianism was introduced into Xinjiang via Central Asia. Around the first century BC Buddhism was introduced into Xinjiang, and gradually a pattern came into being wherein many religions coexisted with Buddhism as the major one. From the fourth to the 10th century Zoroastrianism became prevalent throughout Xinjiang, particularly in the Turpan area. For this, the local authorities of Gaochang set up a special administrative agency. During this same period Buddhism reached its peak. In oases on the periphery of the Tarim Basin Buddhist temples arose in great numbers, with a multitude of monks and nuns. Khotan, Kashgar (Shule), Kucha (Qiuci), Gaochang and other famous Buddhist centers took shape. Taoism was introduced into Xinjiang around the fifth century, becoming prevalent mainly in Turpan and Kumul (Hami). It spread to most parts of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Manichaeism and Nestorianism were introduced into Xinjiang one after the other in the sixth century. In the middle of the ninth century, the Huihu people, who believed in Manichaeism, entered the Turpan area, where they built temples, dug caves, translated scriptures and painted frescoes. From the 10th to the 14th century, Nestorianism flourished as the Huihu people and some other ethnic peoples converted to it in many parts of Xinjiang. At that time Nestorianism was preached in Kashgar, Yarkant, Khotan, Bugur (Luntai), Gaochang, Hami, Almaliq (now in Huocheng County), and a few other places.
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