9世纪末10世纪初,伊斯兰教传入新疆南部,新疆原有宗教格局再次发生变化。喀喇汗王朝接受伊斯兰教后,于10世纪中叶向信仰佛教的于阗王国发动了40余年的宗教战争,11世纪初攻灭于阗,将伊斯兰教强制推行到这一地区。由此形成了南疆以伊斯兰教为主、北疆以佛教为主,伊斯兰教与佛教并立的格局。这一阶段早期,祆教、景教、摩尼教等宗教亦比较盛行。但随着伊斯兰教的不断传播,这些宗教日趋衰落。
In the late ninth and early 10th centuries, Islam was introduced into southern Xinjiang, changing the religious pattern of Xinjiang again. After the Kara-Khanid Khanate accepted Islam, in the mid-10th century it launched a religious war against the Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan, which lasted more than 40 years. In the early 11th century the Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Khotan and imposed Islam in that region. Thereafter, Islam dominated southern Xinjiang while Buddhism dominated northern Xinjiang, the two coexisting. In the early period of this stage Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism and Manichaeism were also very popular. But with the spread of Islam, these religions gradually declined.
14世纪中叶东察合台汗国时期,统治者以战争等强制手段,将伊斯兰教逐渐推行到塔里木盆地北缘、吐鲁番盆地和哈密一带。至16世纪初,新疆形成了以伊斯兰教为主要宗教、多种宗教并存的格局,原来当地居民信仰的祆教、摩尼教、景教等逐渐消失,佛教、道教仍然存在。17世纪初,卫拉特蒙古人接受了藏传佛教。约自18世纪始,基督教、天主教、东正教相继传入新疆。新疆以伊斯兰教为主要宗教、多种宗教并存的格局延续至今。
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