Aging isn’t only a downhill journey. While some of our mental faculties almost always decline over time, other cognitive abilities can stay the same, or even improve, scientists have discovered. The overall balance of these losses and gains means that for most people, the ideal time to tackle leadership roles is in their mid-50s, according to Darlene Howard, a psychologist emerita at Georgetown University.
变老不意味着什么都在走下坡路。科学家发现,尽管我们的一部分大脑功能随着年龄增长而衰退,其他认知能力则会保持不变甚至会变强。乔治城大学的心理学家荣誉退休教授达琳·霍华德指出,综合平衡这些得失的结果显示,多数人的领导能力在55岁左右达到高峰。
In healthy individuals, some parts of the brain shrink starting in our 20s. This shrinkage, which is not a loss of neurons but rather changes in size and connections among neurons, leads to differences in cognitive functions. In most cases, these changes are so gradual, it’s easy to adapt to them over time. On average, older adults tend to lose capabilities like mental speed, which can affect reaction times or the ability to connect different types of information, compared to younger individuals. Learning new material can become more difficult (but not impossible), and it may become harder to recall specific words or remained focused on a specific task in the presence of distractions.
健康人的大脑会从20多岁开始部分萎缩。这种萎缩不是丧失神经元,而是神经元的大小和联系发生改变,导致认知能力的差异。在大多数情况下,这些改变都是逐渐发生的,随着时间过去人们可以轻松地适应这些改变。平均而言,年长的成年人和年轻人相比,大脑反应速度会变慢,将不同类型信息联系到一起的能力也会减退。学习新知识会变得更困难(但也不是不可能),而且更难以回忆起特定词汇,或在受干扰的情况下集中注意力处理特定任务。
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