向早期常态的回归已经开始。新兴和发展中国家目前占到全球产出总额的一半左右,这在现代历史上还是第一次。历史学家为西方国家暂时性的迅猛崛起提供了无数的解释:更注重个人及其现世活动的宗教信仰;更有利于科学思考的知识氛围;捍卫财富获取的财产权;较民主的政府形式。原因还有很多,所有这些因素无疑都发挥了作用。在18世纪末,英王乔治三世(George III)向中国派出了贸易使节,结果却遭到中国皇帝的拒绝——这位皇帝宣称,中国拥有一切所需的东西,不需要西方的小玩意。
But such attitudes could hardly be expected to last, faced with the evidence of an increasing western lead. What the west initiated the others would follow; and eventually began to initiate on their own.
但随着西方日益占据主导地位,此类态度不可能持续下去。其他国家将对西方的创举亦步亦趋,并最终开始自己的创举。
Global Turning Points, by Mauro F. Guillén and Emilio Ontiveros, decisively refutes rash prophecies that China will dominate the remainder of the 21st century. It may or may not acquire the largest GDP, but this will be only a large fraction of the GDP of a multipolar world. There are many other growing centres of economic power. In addition to the well known Brics – Brazil, Russia, India and China – we now have the Mints – Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey.
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