Cellular reprogramming triggered the rewriting of biology textbooks and spawned thousands of new experiments in labs around the world. It led to the first cloned animal-a frog-and to the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep. It also paved the way for deriving embryonic-like stem cells without destroying human embryos, sidestepping an ethically contentious approach.

细胞重新编程引发了生物教科书的改写，在世界各地的试验室里催生了成千上万项新试验。这项技术带来了世界上首只克隆动物──青蛙，进而又出现了首只克隆哺乳动物──绵羊多莉。此外，该技术还为在不破坏人类胚胎的情况下获取类胚胎干细胞铺平了道路，从而避免采用具有伦理争议的干细胞提取方法。

Once cellular reprogramming is used to turn mature cells into embryonic-like ones, those cells can be further manipulated and turned into heart, nerve, muscle and virtually all other tissues types. This freshly made tissue-from an Alzheimer's patient, for example-could be inexpensively grown and studied in a lab dish.

一旦细胞重新编程被用于将成熟细胞转变为类胚胎细胞，这些细胞就可以被进一步培养成心脏、神经、肌肉等几乎一切组织细胞。例如，从患阿尔茨海默病的人身上新获取的组织可在试验室经培养和研究，且花费不多。

Drug firms have already started to test drugs on human tissue made through reprogramming. Next year, fresh retinal cells derived in this way will be transplanted into people for the first time, in a Japanese trial for patients with an eye disease known as macular degeneration.

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