国际反兴奋剂组织(WADA)几年前就发觉了基因兴奋剂的动向。在2003年该组织发布了一项禁令,禁止“非治疗性使用能提高运动员成绩的基因、基因组分/细胞”。发布禁令后,该组织随后就展开了实际行动。因为基因兴奋剂的诱惑在于其不易被检测出来,所以WADA向承担研发检测兴奋剂方法的21个研究项目拨出780万美元(其2004—07研究预算的四分之一)。现在该组织又拨出了650万美元的研究经费。
Broadly, there are two ways of spending this money usefully. The direct approach focuses on improving ways of detecting differences between truly natural and “therapeutically enhanced” proteins or, failing that, on detecting the “vector” used to inject the transgenes into the places where they will operate. Such vectors are often particular sorts of virus.
一般来说,有两种检查兴奋剂的方法。直接法集中于提高检测真实蛋白质与“治疗性提高”蛋白质之间的差别的方法。如果这个不灵,就集中于检测“载体”,这些“载体”用来把转基因植入所需要的地方。这些载体经常是一些特定的病毒。
The indirect approach seeks second-hand signs of the transgene or its vector. Viruses, for example, may produce a characteristic immune response that can be detected. Meanwhile the transgenes themselves may alter the body’s proteome (the set of proteins active in it at any given time) or its metabolome (a list of all the by-products of the chemical reactions that go on in each cell). Changes to either of these “-omes” can, in principle, be detected in blood or urine. What is needed are points of comparison. This requires working out the typical “biosignatures” of elite sportsmen as a group, or indeed of each individual, as a baseline.
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