Needless to say, this is not what happened. Pensions were introduced immediately after the war, at levels Beveridge had anticipated would be attained in 1967 and increased regularly and substantially. These pensions were paid for, as usual, by contributions from those of working age backed by the promise that pensions would be more generous still in future. Means-tested benefits were retained, and increased with earnings, so that their levels consistently exceeded those of Beveridge’s contributory benefits.
不用说,事实并没有按照贝弗里奇设想的发展。二战结束后,英国马上建立了养老体系,养老金水平为贝弗里奇设想的1967年才会达到的水平,并在后来得到经常而大幅的上调。退休人员的养老金按照惯例由正在工作的劳动者承担,政府承诺后者,他们退休时的养老金会更加丰厚。需要经济情况调查的福利得到保留,而且随着收入增加,因此,这些福利的水平始终超出贝弗里奇设想的、基于缴费金额的保障水平。
Another strand of thought influenced the postwar welfare settlement. Franklin Roosevelt, with Churchill, set out allied war aims in the Atlantic Charter and Eleanor, Roosevelt’s wife, drew inspiration from this to press for what subsequently became the UN Declaration of Human Rights. That recital states that: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and wellbeing of himself and his family including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood.
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