For example, countries such as China, Ukraine and Argentina responded to the surge in food prices in 2008 with taxes or controls on the export of grain.
比如说,2008年粮价大涨期间,中国、乌克兰、阿根廷等国就对粮食出口实施征税和管制。
Export controls can trigger similar actions in other countries, driving up prices, and creating a crisis of confidence that spreads from one resource to the next.
出口控制可能会导致其他国家类似的行动,抬高价格,造成对资源的信任危机,在各种资源之间传导。
They also make price volatility worse and reduce investment in new production because exporters cannot access high international prices, governments often tax windfall profits from price rises, and fluctuating prices increase risk and raise the cost of capital.
由于出口商无法与较高的国际价格接轨,这会导致资源价格更不稳定,并减少对新生产的投资。而政府往往又通过征税从价格上涨中获益,波动的价格增加了风险和资金的成本。
“The market signals are not right for investment in these long-term projects, says Ms Lee.
李永怡说:“从长期项目来看,市场信号对投资并不有利。
There has also been an increase in expropriations and investment disputes over resource assets in emerging economies. Chatham House warns that “escalating trade wars over resources could overwhelm the dispute settlement regime at the World Trade Organisation.
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