Writers, composers and artists died at 79. Those classed as academics, including historians and economists, survived until 82 on average while those in business or politics made 83.
The researchers, at the University of Queensland and the University of New South Wales, said cancer, particularly tumors in the lungs, was more common in performers.
Costly
Professor Richard Epstein said: "A one-off retrospective analysis like this can't prove anything, but it raises some interesting questions.
"First, if it is true that successful performers and sports players tend to enjoy shorter lives, does this imply that fame at younger ages predisposes to poor health behaviors in later life after success has faded?
"Or that psychological and family pressures favoring unusually high public achievement lead to self-destructive tendencies throughout life?
"Or that risk-taking personality traits maximize one's chances of success, with the use of cigarettes, alcohol or illicit drugs improving one's performance output in the short term?"
He added that, whatever the reason, the findings should be considered as a "health warning to young people aspiring to become stars".
Honey Langcaster-James, a psychologist who specializes in celebrity behavior, said so few people achieved star status that it made it difficult to scientifically study the effect on people's lives.
She said: "The results are interesting of themselves as they suggest an inherent hazard of a public career and that all that glitters is not necessarily gold.
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