到了20世纪70年代,兰格逐渐确信,多数人不仅被自己的偏见带上歧途,还对身边发生的事情极其漫不经心。就像她所说的,“他们就是心不在焉。”兰格的推理是,当你心不在焉的时候,你很容易被牵着走。她设立了多项研究,旨在揭示人们思路和行为很容易被细微的“触发刺激”所操纵。
In one, she and her colleagues found that office workers were far more likely to comply with a ridiculous interdepartmental memo if it looked like other official memos. In another, created with her Yale mentor, Robert Abelson, they asked behavioral and traditional therapists to watch a video of a person being interviewed, who was labeled either “patient” or “job applicant,” and then evaluate the person. The behavioral therapists regarded the interviewee as well adjusted regardless of whether they were told the person was a patient or an applicant. But the traditional therapists found the interviewee labeled “patient” significantly more disturbed. Even trained observers “were mindlessly led by the label,” Langer says.
在一项研究中,她和同事们发现,只要看起来跟其他官方的内部通知差不多,哪怕是一份内容荒谬的跨部门通知,也会让上班族们照办。在另一项与她在耶鲁大学的导师罗伯特·艾贝尔森(Robert Abelson)合作创建的研究中,他们要求行为治疗师和传统治疗师观看某个身份被标注为“患者”或“求职者”的人接受采访的视频,然后对此人做出评估。无论是对所谓的“患者”还是“求职者”,行为治疗师认为这位受访者相当自如得体。但是在传统治疗师眼里,“患者”身份的受访者明显更加不安。兰格指出,这说明,即使训练有素的观察者“也很容易被标签搞得没头没脑”。
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