Of course, the subjects hope to get better, and everything about the setup is nudging them in that direction. So the study becomes a kind of open placebo experiment. Langer has long believed it’s possible to get people to gin up positive effects in their own body — in effect, to decide to get well. Last fall, she tested that proposition, but in reverse: She recruited a number of healthy test subjects and gave them the mission to make themselves unwell. The subjects watched videos of people coughing and sneezing. There were tissues around and those in the experimental group were encouraged to act as if they had a cold. No deception was involved: The subjects weren’t misled, for example, into thinking they were being put into a germ chamber or anything like that. This was explicitly a test to see if they could voluntarily change their immune systems in measurable ways.
每个受试者当然都希望自己好转,整个实验的设计都是为了鼓励她们进入好转的轨道。因此,可以说这项研究是某种公开的安慰剂实验。长期以来,兰格一直相信,有可能让人们激发自己体内的积极效应,换句话说就是“决定”让自己好起来。去年秋天,她从反面对这个命题进行了测试:她招募了一批健康的受试者,并交给他们一个任务:让自己感觉不舒服。受试者们观看了人们咳嗽和打喷嚏的视频,周围放了很多纸巾,研究人员鼓励实验组像感冒时那样行为。这项实验没有任何欺骗成分:比如受试者没有受到误导,以为自己身处病菌室之类。这是一场明确的试验,目的是看看他们能否以可衡量的方式从主观上改变自己的免疫系统。
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