她援引自己2009年在一家美发沙龙进行的研究作为例证。该研究的灵感来源于近10年前三位科学家进行的另一项研究,他们在20年期间追踪调查了4000多名受试者,发现在加入研究时秃顶的男性比头发丰茂的男性更容易患前列腺癌。研究人员不能肯定这种关联从何而来,但他们怀疑这也许是因为雄激素(包括睾酮)对头皮和前列腺都有影响。兰格则提出了另一种理论:“脱发是衰老的暗示之一。因此,早早秃顶的男性可能感觉自己更老,结果预期自己会更快衰老。”而这种预期实际上可能导致他们遭遇衰老效应。为了探讨对衰老的预期与健康的生理体征之间的这种关系,兰格和她的同事们设计了一项在美发沙龙进行的研究。他们让研究助理们去接触来美发沙龙剪发、染发或者先剪后染的47名女性(其年龄从27岁到83岁不等),并记录下她们的血压读数。受试者们做好发型之后,就各自对自己外貌的观感填写了一份调查问卷,并再次测量血压。在这篇2010年发表于《心理科学透视》(Perspectives on Psychological Science)期刊的论文中,他们报告称,那些认为自己在做好发型后显得更加年轻的受试者血压有所下降。
A few years earlier, Langer and one of her students, Alia Crum, conducted a study, published in the journal Psychological Science, involving 84 hotel chambermaids. The maids had mostly reported that they didn’t get much exercise in a typical week. The researchers primed the experimental group to think differently about their work by informing them that cleaning rooms was fairly serious exercise — as much if not more than the surgeon general recommends. Once their expectations were shifted, those maids lost weight, relative to a control group (and also improved on other measures like body mass index and hip-to-waist ratio). All other factors were held constant. The only difference was the change in mind-set.
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